Arts Entrepreneurship through Strategic Collaboration in Korean Classical Music

Authors

  • Jieun Park
  • Joanne Bernstein

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18533/journal.v9i8.1964

Keywords:

Arts entrepreneurship, strategic collaboration, entrepreneurship orientation, classical music, Korea.

Abstract

Arts Entrepreneurship is a comparatively new concept in arts management however, it is inevitable for the arts, especially classical music to adapt the concept for its survival. This article investigates how arts entrepreneurship is executed through strategic collaboration in three different cases of classical music organizations in Seoul, Korea: Yellow Lounge Seoul, Ensemble Ditto and The New Baroque Company. By providing vivid examples of how to apply arts entrepreneurship in classical music products, it will better help to understand the concept. The study conducted a focused group interview (FGI) with concert with classical music marketing specialists and their strategic collaborators. The framework of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) was applied to analyze identify arts entrepreneurship in each organization. The entrepreneurial approaches of these organizations are identified by how their entrepreneurial orientation (EO) is executed in their innovativeness, risk-taking, and proactiveness. The results of this empirical study are demonstrated in three aspects: 1) Strategic collaboration with an unconventional partner resulted in realization of entrepreneurial orientation. 2) Entrepreneurship through strategic collaboration resulted in reducing production costs, sourcing new funds, increasing the audience base and performance opportunities 3) Arts entrepreneurship was designed to maintain the core value that the quality of music would not be compromised or altered.

References

Abfalter, D., Stadler, R., & Müller, J. (2012). The Organization of Knowledge Sharing at the Colorado Music Festival. International Journal of Arts Management, 14(3). Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/143888346.pdf

Albright, C. (2016). 'Classical'Music is Dying... and That's the Best Thing for Classical Music. In: CNN.Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2016/05/29/opinions/classical-music-dying-and-being-reborn-opinion-albright/index.html

Baker, W. E., & Sinkula, J. M. (2009). The complementary effects of market orientation and entrepreneurial orientation on profitability in small businesses. Journal of small business management, 47(4), 443-464. Retrieved from

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2009.00278.x

Bedoya, M. A., Alzate, B. A., & Giraldo, L. M. (2018). Corporate Entrepreneurship and Entrepreneurial Orientation: The Impact on Managing Capabilities for Innovation. 2018 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), 2018 Portland International Conference on, 1-7. Retrieved from 10.23919/PICMET.2018.8481851

Bernstein, J. S. (2017). Standing room only: Marketing insights for engaging performing arts audiences: Springer.

Bernstein, J. S. (2007). Arts marketing insights :the dynamics of building and retaining performing arts audiences. San Francisco :: Jossey-Bass.

Caves, R. E. (2000). Creative industries: Contracts between art and commerce: Harvard University Press.

Chang, W. J., & Wyszomirski, M. (2015). What is art entrepreneurship? Tracking the development of its definition in scholary journals. Artivate: a journal of entrepreneurship in the arts, 4(2), 11-31. Retrieved from https://artivate.org/artivate/article/view/42

Choi, J. K. (2017). Suggestions for Music Education through a Study on the Reason for the Stagnation of the Current Classical Music Market - with a Focus on Historic, Social, and Philosophical Background. Research in Muisc Pedagogy, 18(2), 221-242. Retrieved from https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART002270880

Choi, K. S. (2011). Presenting a new pathway for music majors. The Journal of Music(6), 78-81.

Choi, Y. S. (2014). A Study on Classical Music Concert Audience - Focusing on the Characteristics of Omnivore in Ensemble DITTO Audience - Seoul: Sung Kyun Kwan University. Retreived from http://dcollection.skku.edu.ca.skku.edu:8080/public_resource/pdf/000000064546_20200907161352.pdf

Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P. (1989). STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT OF SMALL FIRMS IN HOSTILE AND BENIGN ENVIRONMENTS. Strategic Management Journal (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.), 10(1), 75-87. doi:10.1002/smj.4250100107

d'Astous, A., Colbert, F., & Fournier, M. (2007). An experimental investigation of the use of brand extension and co‐branding strategies in the arts. Journal of Services Marketing. doi:10.1108/08876040710758531

Dess, G. G., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2005). The role of entrepreneurial orientation in stimulating effective corporate entrepreneurship. Academy of Management Perspectives, 19(1), 147-156. doi:10.5465/AME.2005.15841975

Dobson, M. (2010). New Audiences for Classical Music: The Experiences of Non-attenders at Live Orchestral Concerts. Journal of New Music Research, 39(2), 111-124. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/09298215.2010.489643

Getz, D., & Andersson, T. (2010). Festival stakeholders: Exploring relationships and dependency through a four-country comparison. Journal of hospitality & tourism research, 34(4), 531-556. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1096348010370862

Goedde, B. (2005). Classical Puts Me to Sleep. Popular Music, 24(3), 439-443.

Grandori, A., & Soda, G. (1995). Inter-firm networks: antecedents, mechanisms and forms. Organization studies, 16(2), 183-214. Retrieved from

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/017084069501600201

Gulati, R., Nohria, N., & Zaheer, A. (2000). Strategic networks. Strategic management journal, 21(3), 203-215. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(200003)21:3%3C203::AID-SMJ102%3E3.0.CO;2-K

Hetsroni, A. (2005). The Presentation and Reconstruction of Art in Advertising: A Content Analysis, A Survey of Creatives and a General Public Survey. Visual Arts Research, 38-56. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/20715383

Hetsroni, A., & Tukachinsky, R. H. (2005). The use of fine art in advertising: A survey of creatives and content analysis of advertisements. Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising, 27(1), 93-107. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/10641734.2005.10505176

Hwang, J. M. (2007). A Study on the Present Condition and Revitalization Devices of Classical Music Performance. Music and Korea, 34, 327-353.

Jung, M. (2010, 2010.7.1.). Ensemble Ditto, a stormy success in the Japanese Market. Seoul Economics. Retrieved from

https://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=103&oid=011&aid=0002077506

Kang, C.-h. (2018, 2018.12.11). Credia Lee, Kang-Won receives "Performing Arts Manager Award". Sisamagazine. Retrieved from

http://www.sisamagazine.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=160873

Kim, H. K. (2017, 2017.6.19). 10th Anniversary, Ensemble Ditto Festival. Korea Economic Retrieved from https://www.hankyung.com/life/article/2017061962371

Kim, J., & Lee, M. (2018). Nation branding or marketization?: K-Classic and Korean classical musicians in an era of globalization. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 24(6), 756-772.

Kim, K. S. (2008, 2008.12.29). Ensemble 'DITTO' became the new face of the Lotte Department Store. Financial News. Retrieved from https://www.fnnews.com/news/200812291721514496?t=y

Kim, S.-H. (2014). The Reality of the Classical Music Concert and its Perspectives. Classical Music Magazine(12), 82-95.

Kolb, B. M. (2000). You Call This Fun? Reactions of Young First-time Attendees to a Classical Concert. MEIEA Journal, 1(1), 13-28. Retrieved from https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA250034411&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=15597334&p=AONE&sw=w

Kolb, B. M. (2001). The effect of generational change on classical music concert attendance and orchestras' responses in the UK and US. Cultural Trends, 11(41), 1-35. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/09548960109365147

Konrad, E. D. (2013). Cultural Entrepreneurship: The Impact of Social Networking on Success. Creativity & Innovation Management, 22(3), 307-319. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12032|

Kotler, P., & Scheff, J. (1997). Standing room only: Strategies for marketing the performing arts: Harvard Business School Press.

Kracman, K. (1997). Artists, Advertising, and the Borders of Art. Contemporary Sociology, 26(3), 380.

Kretschmer, M., Klimis, G. M., & Choi, C. J. (1999). Increasing returns and social contagion in cultural industries. British journal of management, 10, 61-72. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.10.s1.6|

Larson, M. (2009). Festival innovation: Complex and dynamic network interaction. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 9(2-3), 288-307. Retrieved from

https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250903175506

Lebrecht, N. (1997). Who killed classical music? : maestros, managers, and corporate politics: Carol Pub. Group.

Lee, H. W. (2011). The Present State and Effect of Brand Design Management through Art Collaboration. Journal of Arts Management and Policy, 19, 123-147. Retrieved from http://scholar.dkyobobook.co.kr/searchDetail.laf?barcode=4010026265699#

Lee, S.-K. (2015, 2015.9.7.). Ensemble Ditto, debut in China with their best members. Financial News. Retrieved from https://www.fnnews.com/news/201509170943377193

Lee, S., & Lee, S. (2019). Korean Idol, how do they survive?: Survival and Success Factors in Korean Idol Industry. Media, Gender & Culture, 34, 51-97. Retrieved from http://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE08744093

Levine, L. W. (1988). Highbrow / lowbrow :the emergence of cultural hierarchy in America. Cambridge, Mass. :: Harvard University Press.

Li, Y.-H., Huang, J.-W., & Tsai, M.-T. (2009). Entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance: The role of knowledge creation process. Industrial marketing management, 38(4), 440-449. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2008.02.004

Lisboa, A., Skarmeas, D., & Lages, C. (2011). Entrepreneurial orientation, exploitative and explorative capabilities, and performance outcomes in export markets: A resource-based approach. Industrial marketing management, 40(8), 1274-1284. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2011.10.013

Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (1996). Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of management Review, 21(1), 135-172. Retrieved from https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/amr.1996.9602161568

Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (2001). Linking two dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation to firm performance: The moderating role of environment and industry life cycle. Journal of business venturing, 16(5), 429-451. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(00)00048-3

Luonila, M., & Johansson, T. (2015). The role of festivals and events in the regional development of cities: Cases of two Finnish cities. Event Management, 19(2), 211-226. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3727/152599515X14297053839656

Luonila, M., & Johansson, T. (2016). Reasons for networking in institutionalized music productions: Case studies of an opera house and a music festival. International Journal of Arts Management, 50-66. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/44989664

Mackellar, J. (2006). An integrated view of innovation emerging from a regional festival. International Journal of Event Management Research, 2(1), 37-48. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.557.131&rep=rep1&type=pdf.

Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative research :a guide to design and implementation (Vol. Fourth edition.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Miller, D. (1983). The Correlates of Entrepreneurship in Three Types of Firms. Management Science, 29(7), 770-791.

Möller, K., Rajala, A., & Svahn, S. (2005). Strategic business nets—their type and management. Journal of Business Research, 58(9), 1274-1284. Retrieved from

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2003.05.002

Montanari, F., & Mizzau, L. (2007). The influence of embeddedness and social mechanisms on organizational performance in the music industry: The case of Mescal Music. International Journal of Arts Management, 32-44. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/41064906

Nytch, J. (2012). The Case of the Pittsburgh New Music Ensemble: An Illustration of Entrepreneurial Theory in an Artistic Setting. Artivate, 1(1), 25. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.34053/artivate.1.1.0025

Paleo, I. O., & Wijnberg, N. M. (2006). Classification of popular music festivals: A typology of festivals and an inquiry into their role in the construction of music genres. International Journal of Arts Management, 50-61. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/41064930

Park, J. E., & Kim, H. (2017). Case Study of Non-Formal Classcial Music Concert for Developing New Audiences - Focused on the case of 'Yellow Lounge'. Journal of Arts and Cultural Management, 10(1), 3-24. Retrieved from https://www.earticle.net/Article/A306711

Petkus Jr, E. (2004). Enhancing the application of experiential marketing in the arts. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 9(1), 49-56. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.232

Potts, J., Cunningham, S., Hartley, J., & Ormerod, P. (2008). Social network markets: a new definition of the creative industries. Journal of cultural economics, 32(3), 167-185. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s10824-008-9066-y

Preece, S. B. (2014). Social Bricolage in Arts Entrepreneurship: Budiling a Jazz Society from Scratch. Artivate: a journal of entrepreneurship in the arts, 3(1), 23-34. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.34053/artivate.3.1.0023

Rauch, A., Wiklund, J., Lumpkin, G. T., & Frese, M. (2009). Entrepreneurial orientation and business performance: An assessment of past research and suggestions for the future. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 33(3), 761-787.

Rusak, H. (2016). Corporate Entrepreneurship in the Arts in Western Australia. Journal of Arts Management, Law & Society, 46(4), 153-163. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/10632921.2016.1211049

Scheff, J., & Kotler, P. (1996). How the Arts Can Prosper Through Strategic Collaborations. Harvard Business Review, 74(1), 52-60. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/1996/01/how-the-arts-can-prosper-through-strategic-collaborations

Stuart, T. E., & Sorenson, O. (2007). Strategic networks and entrepreneurial ventures. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1(3‐4), 211-227. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.18

Sung, Y.-w., & Jang, M.-h. (2017). A New Trend in the Korean Classical Music industry. Korean Society of Culture Industry, 17, 11-17. Retrieved from http://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE07221274

Varbanova, L. (2016). International entrepreneurship in the arts: Taylor & Francis.

Yang, Z.-j., Gao, Y.-r., Li, Y.-x., & Gao, Y.-h. (2018). A Meta-analysis of the Influence Between Entrepreneurial Orientation and Firm Performance. 2018 International Conference on Management Science and Engineering (ICMSE), Management Science and Engineering (ICMSE), 2018 International Conference on, 296-300. Retrieved from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8745268

Downloads

Published

2020-09-13

Issue

Section

Article

Similar Articles

1-10 of 253

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.