The Evolution of Education and Literacy in Western Civilization
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18533/journal.v2i11.273Keywords:
education, literacy, Western Civilization, history, humanitiesAbstract
Education and literacy have contributed to how people in Western Civilization communicate and learn about everything in life from the humanities to science and technology. As a result, literacy and education have been the indicators of whether or not a person is “well off” or “disadvantaged” (Kraus, 2000, p. 323). Other civilizations and cultures also value education and literacy because it gives them the new knowledge of people, places, and inventions.
References
References
Albright, M., Delecki, K., & Hinkle, S. (2009). The evolution of early literacy: A history of best practices in storytimes. Children & Libraries: The Journal of the Association for Library Service to Children 7(1),13-18.
Armstrong, K. (1993). A history of God: The 4,000 year quest of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. New York, NY: Ballantine Books.
Barton, D., & Rogers, A. (1996). Literacy: An introduction to the ecology of written language. Convergence, 29 (3), 86-7.
Boorstin, D. J. (1985). The discoverers. New York, NY: Vintage Books.
Buringh, E., & van Zanden, J.L. (2009). "Charting the "Rise of the West": Manuscripts and printed books in Europe, a long-term perspective from the sixth through eighteenth c centuries. Journal of Economic History 69(2), 409-445.
De Castell, S., Luke, A., & Egan, K.. (1986). Literacy, society, and schooling: A reader. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Downing, B. M. (1992). The military revolution and political change. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Eakle, J. A., & Garber, A. M. (2004). (Compilers). International Reports on Literacy Research: China, Nigeria, Egypt. Reading Research Quarterly 39(1), 114-118.
Gallagher, C. T. (1989). The legacies of literacy: Continuities and contradictions in Western culture and society/The labyrinths of literacy: Reflections on literacy past and resent/The emergence of literacy (book). Educational Studies 20(3), 252-260.
Geary, P. J. (2002). The myth of nations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Grace, A. C. (2009). Aegean seals and oral literacy in Bronze Age Greece. (Doctoral dissertation). State University of New York at Buffalo, NY.
Herzfeld, M. (1990). Literacy as symbolic strategy in Greece methodological considerations of topic and place. Byzantine & Modern Greek Studies 14, 151-172.
Kraus, T.J. (2000). Literacy in non-literary papyri from Graeco-Roman Egypt: Further aspects of the educational ideal in ancient literary sources and modern times. Mnemosyne 53(3), 322-342.
Latif, A. (2009). A critical analysis of school enrollment and literacy rates of girls and women in Pakistan. Educational Studies 45(5), 424.
Masci, D. (1998). Liberal arts education. CQ Researcher 8, 313-336.
Merchant, C. (1989). The death of nature. New York, NY: HarperSanFransciso.
McNeill, W. H. (1991). The rise of the West: A history of the human community with a retrospective essay. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, Reprint Edition,
Moore, B. Jr. (1967). Social origins of dictatorship and democracy. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Murphey, R. (2002). A History of Asia, 4th ed. New York, NY: Longman Press.
Rabb, Theodore. (2004). What has happened to historical literacy? The Chronicle Review, B24-B28.
Siddle, D.J. (1987). Cultural prejudice and the geography of ignorance: Peasant literacy in South- eastern France, 1550-17. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 12(1), 19-28.
Smith, A. D. (1991). National identity. Reno, NV: University of Nevada Press.
Stone, L. (1969). Literacy and education in England 1640-1900. Past & Present 42, 69-139.
Thomas, R. (2009). The origins of Western literacy: Literacy in Ancient Greece and Rome.” In D.R. Olsen and N.G. Torrence (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of literacy (pp. 346-361). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Thompson, C. (2009). The new literacy. Wired 17(9), 48.
Tilly, C. (1992). Coercion, capital and European states. Cambridge, MA:
Blackwell Publishing,
Van Doren, C. (1991). A history of knowledge: Past, present and future. New York, NY: Ballantine Books.
Vaughn, M. (2004). The rise of Parliament, 1295-c. 1461: Interpretative essay. In Frank Thackeray and John E. Findling (Ed.), Events that changed Great Britain from 1066 to 1714 (pp. 39-56). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
