A Socio-Cultural Study of Negative Portrayals of Masculinity in the Yorùbá Oral Literature : Yorùbá Proverbs as a Case Study

The negative portrayal of masculinity has been thoroughly attempted in this paper. The Yoruba proverbs were selected for analysis because it cuts across the length and breadth of the Yorubaland. The genre is rendered by both men and women in the society. It is established in this paper that men are not left out of various social misconducts which are capable of disorganizing the love, peace and unity that are expected of normal socio-cultural setting, not only in the Yorubaland but also in the world at large. Therefore, this paper concludes that men are liable to social ills in the society like their female counterparts.


Introduction
The focus of this paper is the negative portrayals of masculinity in the Yorùbá proverbs.The Yorùbá oral genre was selected for analysis because it cuts across the length and breadth of the Yorubaland.The selection of this is about how the popular genre will help us to critically view how the Yorùba perceive men in the society.Albeit, there are other genres often used within the society, but I think perhaps, proverbs will be most appropriate due to the reasons given above.Therefore, this work attempts to show that men are not left out in the social misbehaviours in the society.Such misbehaviour includes: wickedness, shamelessness, cowardness, laziness, adultery, irrationality, aggression, irresponsibility, stupidity, pride, stinginess, partiality, stealing, fumbling among others.Research shows that the previous works were mainly on women.It is of recent that attention has been shifted to men.So, Ogunwale (1998: 103-112) says: Yoruba proverbs are believed to be misogynous; that is anti-female so emphatic and adent to the belief that it leads to the ulter neglect of the analysis of the anti-female nature of the proverbs.
It worths to note that the above work discusses the negative portrayal of women in Yoruba proverbs.Anandhi and Jeyaranjan (2002: 22-26) also write: In my youth, my wife used to be scared of me.I will give her a severe beating.My father used to beat all of his daughter-in-laws heavily.We never interfere because he will beat us if we did.Then, we also will beat up our wives.My wife still fears me.I do shout at her and at times I beat her up.But, I don't quarrel with anyone outside.
The above writer also pointed out the negative behaviours of men in the society.Another writer is Susan Weinger et al (2006: 16-26) who says: Attention is drawn away from men's wrong doings towards women by depicting women as conniving evil doers who sometimes choose men as pawns to implement their plots.The women are deserving punishment while men go free from any penalty.
The above writer also discusses negative aspects of men's behaviours.Ajibade (2006: 375-376) in his work entitled "Yorùbá Men, Yorùbá Women", explains that from time immemorial, our forefathers have noticed some things about child-birth.If the delivery of the child is quick, they say, it is a baby boy.But if otherwise, they say, it is a baby girl.What the writer is trying to say is that Yorùbá society gives men better treatment over and above the women counterparts.The writer's opinion is very true of the Yorùbá society.
Another author is Olofinsao (2011) who examines "The representation of Men in Alámọ̀ Chant and obitun Song", genres of the Yorùbá oral literature.In this work, the author concludes that men are also involved in the social ills in the Yorùbá society.Therefore, in this paper, an attempt is made to analyse the negative portrayal of masculinity in the Yorùbá proverbs which are both usually rendered by both men and women in the society.
Another writer is Javier Pineda (2000) who says: Most of the man interviewed in the district had lost their jobs in the female sector.They had to face not only the vulnerability of the family given the lack of unemployment benefit, but also their identity problem of not fulfilling their family as a provider.(2006: 71-72) in his work entitled "Founding Fathers" says South Africa men in impoverished areas had refused to participate in community development while their women counterparts for the last decades were actively involved in the community development.He further says that South Africa men were deeply involved in social vices which were hereditary.Also Gilbert (2000: 376-381) discusses the issue of "Boys Becoming men" in Uganda.In his work, he explains the type of training they give to their boys to ensure their success in life.They believe that a successful man should be able to provide for the needs of his family.He goes further to say that a man gets his freedom as from the age of 12. And, at this time he can contribute meaningfully to the development of the community at the expense of their female counterparts.

Analysis
The social ills usually committed by men in Yorùbá society will be discussed one after the other:

Wickedness
There is a proverb which indicates that men are wicked to either their female or male counterparts.The proverb goes thus: "Bí a bá mọ ọ jọ́ àá kú ni, ọ kùnrin mìíràn ì bá yàgbẹ́ síbàdí àwọ n ìyàwó rẹ̀ , kí ẹ ni tí yóò ṣ úpó ba à jẹ òórùn yó" (If one knows the days of one's death, a man would have excreted to his wives' bottoms for anyone who wishes to inherit his wives be fed up with odour).
The above proverb depicts that some men prefer to destroy valuable materials in order that other people may not benefit as a result of their chronic minds.This type of behaviour is usually uncalled for in the Yoruba social and cultural settings.

Shamelessness
One of the most irritating behaviour in the Yorùbá society is shamelessness which usually comes up by the sue of proverbs during any type of discourse in the Yorùbá society.Below is an example: "Aláìlójútì ọ kùnrin tó relé àna rèé kú sí" (A shameless man who dies in the residence of his in-law) The above proverb shows that a shameless man can commit any social vices not minding its negative implication to his personality in the society, that is, a shameless man is more or less a useless person who cannot be accorded with honour in the society.

Cowardness
The Yoruba believe that hardly can a coward record a success in any adventure as it commonly occurs in the use of proverbs in the Yoruba society.For example: "Àìsí ènìyàn lóko níí mú ní í pe ajá ní àwé.Ọ̀ wọ́ n ènìyàn ni obìnrin fi í pe ojo ọ kọ lọ́ kùnrin" (For there is no one in the farm is the reason we address dog as human.So, the scarcity of human is why a woman calls a coward husband a man).
The above proverb indicates that women reluctantly regard/accept a coward man in the absence of a brave one.This shows that boldness is one of the qualities that women adore in a man in the society.

Laziness
Laziness is one of the social ills that the Yorùbá will not like to accommodate which is why the following proverb is encompassed in day-to-day conversation in the Yorùbá community.Below is the proverb: "Ọ kùnrin ti kò níṣ ẹ́ níí sìnkú àbíkú (A jobless man buries àbíkú (born to die) The above proverb indicates that one should not be idle because a lazy man can be engaged in any unprofitable venture, that is, the Yorùbá society does not entertain any act of laziness because a lazy man is regarded irresponsible

Adultery
It is a common saying that an adulterer can never be responsible because an adulterer must be cunny, funny and a liar.The following proverb can be a test case.Thus: "Panságà obìnrin làá rí, ọ kùnrin tó kunjú, tó kunṣ ẹ̀ tó fi apá silẹ̀ tó ń yan orí, kí ni ká ti pe irú wọ n? (We know of an adulterous woman, but a man who makes over his face, his legs, however, leaves out his arms to choose head, what should we call his name?) The above proverb depicts that an adulterous woman can be pardonable but in the case of a man, it is highly forbidden to engage in such dangerous and misleading behaviour in the society.

Irrationality
Irrational behaviour usually comes up in Yorùbá proverbs to correct social ills in the society.For example: "Alágbára má mèrò baba ọ̀ lẹ tó kọ igba tó túgba ká" (A powerful but thoughtless man is a total coward who made two hundred heaps of earth but dismantled it) This proverb indicates that one should be orderly, that is, one should make appropriate and adequate plans before attempting any ventures.Therefore, any man who is not orderly will surely fail in line with the Yorùbá belief.

Aggression
Being aggressive is totally condemned in the Yorùbá social and cultural upbringing.For example, a proverbs says: "Inú àbíjù níí mú baba sọ pé òun kì í ṣ e ẹ gbẹ́ ọ mọ òun" (An extreme anger would make a father tell his child that he is older than his child).
The aforementioned proverb shows that a reasonable father should not compare himself with his child under any circumstances, that is, any father who equates himself with his child has committed a social offence in the Yorùbá society.

Irresponsibility
In the Yorùbá culture, a man should know the right thing to do at the right time.This idea usually comes up in the Yorùbá proverbs.Thus: "Òtòsì ẹ̀ gbọ́ n ní i jogún àbúrò olórí búrukú baba ní i jogún ọ mọ " (An abject elder brother inherits his younger one's property, hence, an unfortunate man inherits his child).

Stupidity
In the Yorùbá society, a bachelor is not being fully regarded as socially and culturally responsible.The undermentioned proverb supports this.Thus, "Kí ní n wú àpón lórí tó ṣ ẹ ṣ u síná, tó lọ ta ọ bẹ̀ tán, tó ń fọ ọ dó tó tún ń súfèé pé bí òun ti ń ṣ e ni inú ń bí wọ n" (What is making a bachelor happy when he is boiling yam on fire, after he finished grinding the pepper, whistling while washing the mortar that his enemies are angry with him) The above proverb implies that a bachelor is an immatured person in the society.Therefore, for an immatured person to see himself as being jealous of is a complete social misrepresentation in the Yorùbá culture.

Pride
The Yoruba believe that the act of pride is one of the most unacceptable societal vices.For example: "Mo mọ̀ ọ́ tán ni orò fi ń gbé ọ kùnrin" (Know-it-all syndrome is why orò catches a man) The above proverb shows that it is an act of misbheaviour for a man to be parading himself as "Mr Know-it-all" in the society.In essence, a man who behaves like a peacock has no place in the Yorùbá socio-cultural settings.

Stinginess
The Yoruba people see a miser as a socio-culturally unfittable person in the society.This type of idea usually comes up in day-to-day usage of proverb in the society.For example: "Àgbà tó jẹ à jẹ ẹ wẹ̀ yìn yóò rugbáa rẹ̀ délé" (A stingy man will alone carry his baggage without help) The above proverb indicates that an elderly man who engages himself in the act of stinginess will not be sympathized.In essence, it is only an act of generousity that is acceptable and recognized in the Yorùbá culture.

Partiality
It is a person who listens to both sides of a case that the Yorùbá regard as a honest and thorough man.Thus: "A gbẹ́ jọ́ ẹ nìkan dá, àgbà òṣ ìkà" (An elderly man who adjudges by only listening to a party of a quarrel is a callous one) The aforementioned proverb implies that one must be thorough, sincere and honest with whatever one does at any given occasion, that is, the act of impartiality is highly recognized to enhance love, peace and unity in the society.

Stealing
One of the worst acts of moral decadence in the Yorùbáland is stealing.For example: "Gìrìpá olè tóbìnrin kò lè mú, Ọ lọ́ run Ọ ba nìkan ló le mú irúu wọ n" (A very strong thief whom women cannot catch, it is only God who can catch him.
The above proverb indicates that a thief cannot go unpunished, that is, how clever and/or strong a thief may be, he will surely be paid in his own coin aftermath.Therefore, stealing is a great act of social misconduct and any man who involves himself in this act will never be accorded with honour and place of responsibility in the society.

Fumbling
The act of fumbling is anti-social and misdirecting in the Yorùbá social and cultural settings.The following proverb proves this type of social ill beyond reasonable doubt.For example: "Agbà tó ń fọ ńu ká tí kò loẃó lọ ẃọ ́ aja laśań ní ń gbo" "A poverty elder man who keeps bragging about is a barking dog" The aforegoing proverb shows that a fumbling man is unpredictable and morally undependable, that is, a fumbling man can cause confusion or total collapse of a community.

Conclusion
In this paper, the negative portrayal of masculinity has been thoroughly attempted.Hence, it is clearly shown that men are not left out of various social misconducts which are capable of disorganizing the love, peace and unity that are expected of normal socio-cultural setting, not only in the Yorùbáland but also in the world at large.Besides, this paper concludes that men are not exempted in contributing to social ills and vices in the Yorùbá society through the genre of Yorùbá oral literature.